5e has ability check DC rules, a very easy task is DC 5, a moderate task is DC 15, a nearly impossible task is DC 30. Could a DM screw you over by making a check arbitrary difficult just because? Yes, of course they could, but a jerk DM can screw you over in any edition of D&D. The system doesn't have to account for malice on the part of either the DM or the player. If you don't trust your DM why are you playing with that person?
There's no bubble. Plenty of people don't like 5th edition for a number of reasons that might be valid to them, that's fine and dandy, they're entitled to play what they like. Then there's people like you who wander over here to trash the game based on deliberate distortions of the rules, that I do have a problem with.
The point of rolling dice in D&D is to adjudicate situations where the outcome of an action is uncertain, you can't even roll the dice until the DM has ruled that your action has a chance of success, but is not certain to succeed. Clunky to me is having written rules for every possible action a character could make, because you can't trust the rules adjudicator to adjudicate. That's an interpersonal conflict at your table, not a problem with 5th edition.
If you can't trust your DM, find a new DM. No amount of rules is going to fix a bad DM.