Hmm, I think playing Neverwinter so much affected my memories of that!
Looking into it more, this might be what you're looking for: the section in the Monster Manual concerning 'Natural Tendencies'. A shortened version can be found in the SRD here, although there are more examples in the MM:
http://www.d20srd.org/srd/monsters/intro.htm
Basically, if an animal aren't suited to a physical activity, they either take a big penalty or can't do it at all. Examples from the MM include horses not being able to walk tightropes and dolphins not being able to climb. I would say being able to talk is a physical activity no animal is able to do, either because of their tiny brains or because they can't make the noises. You'd think parrots would be an exception because they can mimic those noises, but they're called out as not being able to talk even after getting an intelligence boost after becoming a familiar.
Another reason would be that the only way to teach animals anything is by training them to do tricks, and there's no 'speaking' trick.
A third reason would be that animals, even animal companions, are NPCs, and are completely controlled by the DM, not the player, and that includes leveling. The DM could nix taking the speak language skill easily.
As far as I can tell, forest gnomes speak with animals using the spell as an at will SLA, not as a regular language.